사물인터넷 중요 무선통신 기술(WPAN)

WPAN 기술 개념
    10m 이내의 짧은 거리에 존재하는 컴퓨터와 주변기기, 휴대폰, 가전제품 등을 무선으로 연결하여 이들 기기간의 통신을 지원함으로써 다양한 응용서비스를 하게하는 무선 네트워크
 산업용 제어: 장비 모니터링 및 자동화
 원격제어: 장난감, 게임분야, 가전제품 원격제어
 재난관리: 인식과 위치 결정
 자동차 제어: 타이어 압력 센서, 자동차내 통신
 홈네트워크 및 정보가전분야: PC 주변기기, 원격검침, 보안기기 등…

 

 IEEE802.15 표준 WPAN 기술

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Task Group	Status	Contents of the Draft
802.15.1	Done (2002)	The lower transport layers of the Bluetooth wireless technology (short range RF-based connectivity)
802.15.2	Done (2003)	Coexistence of WPAN with other wireless devices operating in unlicensed frequency band
802.15.3	Done (2004)	High rate WPAN for 20Mbps or greater
802.15.3a	Withdrawn (2007)	UWB PHY for high data rate
802.15.3b	Done (2007)	IEEE 802.15.3 MAC enhancement to improve implementation and interoperability of the MAC
802.15.3c	Done (2009)	Millimeter-wave-based alternative PHY for IEEE 802.15.3
802.15.4	Done (2003)	Low rate WPAN with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very low complexity
802.15.4a	Done (2007)	Alternative PHY for providing communications and high precision ranging/location capability
802.15.4b	Done (2007)	Enhancements and clarifications to the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard
802.15.4c	Done (2009)	IEEE 802.15.4-2006 and 802.15.4a-2007PHY amendment to address the Chinese regulatory changes
802.15.4d	Done (2009)	PHY/MAC to support a new frequency allocation (950-956MHz )in Japan
802.15.4e	Done (2012)	MAC amendment to the 802.15.4-2006 for better support the industrial market and compatibility
802.15.4f	Done (2012)	Low cost, low energy consumption and reliable communications for active RFID and sensor applications
802.15.4g	Done(2012)	PHY/MAC for large scale process control applications such as Smart Utility Networks (SUN)
802.15.4j	Done(2013)	PHY for IEEE 802.15.4 in the 2360 to 2400MHz band which complies with FCC MBAN rule
802.15.4k	Done(2013)	PHY/MAC for point to multi-thousands of points communications for critical infrastructure monitoring networks
802.15.4m	Done(2014)	40Kbps~2Mbps PHY/MAC for command & control applications using TV white space
802.15.4n	Going	PHY for IEEE 802.15.4 utilizing the approved 174-216Mhz, 407-425MHz and 608-630MHz medical bands in China
802.15.4q	Going	The desired peak power consumption for the PHY should be typically less than 15 mW.
802.15.4p	Done(2014)	PHY/MAC for Sensor, control and information transfer applications specific to rail and rail transit
802.15.5	Done(2009)	Mesh networking for WPAN (full mesh topology or partial mesh topology)
802.15.6	Done(2011)	PHY/MAC for Low power devices and operation on, in or around the human body
802.15.7	Done(2011)	PHY/MAC for optical wireless communications using visible light (audio/video multimedia service)
802.15.8	Going	PHY/MAC optimized for P2P and infrastructureless communications with fully distributed coordination
802.15.9	Going	Key management protocols for 802.15.4 and 802.15.7
802.15.10	Going	Layer 2 Routing of Dynamically Changing 802.15.4 Mesh Networks

 

 

 Bluetooth 기술 개요
- IEEE802.15.1 표준을 기반으로 2.4GHz ISM 대역을 사용하는 무선통신 기술로 1994년 에릭슨(ERICSSON)에서 개발
- Bluetooth SIG 에서 다양한 응용 프로파일 개발
 가까운 거리에서 데이터나 음성, 영상 등을 교환할 때 사용하는 무선 기술로 저전력의 블루투스 스마트 기술 개발과 함께 사물인터넷 통신 기술로 주목 받음

 Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) 기술
- 모바일 디바이스 시장의 성장으로 저전력 무선기술의 요구가 급증함에 따라 2012년 BT4.0LE 출시되어 사물인터넷에 사용 시작
- BLE 핵심 기능
 Coin Cell Battery(630mA) 사용을 목표
 저전력을 위해 GFSK 변조 방식 사용
 송신전력 10~20dBm
 통신거리 10~30m
 3 Advertising CH. 37 Data CH.
 소비 전력 0.01~0.5W

 

 Bluetooth Beacon 기술
- Beacon 기술은 특정 목적의 신호를 전달하기 위해 주기적으로 신호를 보내는 장치
- Bluetooth 4.0의 BLE 기술 도입으로 저전력 문제 해결 및 단방향 통신 가능
- Bluetooth Module 소형화 및 저렴한 모듈 가격 가능($1~$2 수준)
- Bluetooth Beacon 활용 사례
 애플 “iBeacon”
 구굴 “Nearby”
 페이팔 “PayPal Beacon”
 SK플래닛 “Syrup Beacon”
 SK 텔레콤 “Wizturn”
 퀸넷시스템즈 “Infavor”

[ 애플 iBeacon 탑재 IOS7 기기 ] [ Syrup Beacon 서비스 ]

 

 ZigBee 기술 개요
- 무선 센서 및 제어 분야에서 사용되는 WPAN의 대표기술
- IEEE802.15.4: PHY & MAC 계층 정의/ZigBee Alliance: 네트워크 & APS 계층 정의
- 저전력소모, 시스템 구성의 저비용, 많은 네트워크 노드의 수용, 비교적 간단한 프로토콜 구조
- 최근 IOT 무선통신 기술로 한계 노출(통신거리 & 전송속도)

 

 ZigBee 기술 활용 분야

 광역 WPAN 기술의 출현

 

 SUN 기술 개요
- 전기, 수도, 가스와 같은 유틸리티의 효율적인 관리를 위한 무선 네트워크
 유틸리티 사업자와 사용자 간의 정보 공유로 에너지 비용 절감 및 더 높은 품질의 서비스 제공
 SUN(Smart Utility Network) = NAN(Neighborhood Area Network) + HAN(Home Area Network)
 유틸리티 서비스 사업자 중심으로 IEEE802.15.4g에서 SUN 무선통신 표준 제정

 

 MR-FSK SUN 기술
- Mandatory 데이터 전송률/대역폭: 각 주파수 대역별 4.8~50Kbps/12.5~200KHz
- 저전력화: 성능 향상 블록(Data Whitening, Channel Code, Interleaver)을 선택사항으로 규정
- 국내 RFID/USN 주파수(917.5~923MHz)

 

 

  Wi-SUN 기술
- IEEE802.15.4g 물리계층 표준 기반으로 Wi-SUN Alliance에서 제정한 응용
프로파일을 탑재한 근거리 무선통신 기술
- Japan, Singapore, Europe, India 지역에 지원
- 현재 110개 이상의 회원사 가입

 

 LECIM 기술
- IEEE802.15.4k 표준 (Low Energy Critical Infrastructure Monitoring)
- 수 Km의 서비스 반경 및 지하·음영 지역에서의 무선 모니터링 요구사항 증대 - 열악한 무선 환경에서의 통신 품질 보장과 저전력·저가격을 동시에 만족하는 무선기술 필요

 TVWS(TV White Space) 개요
- TV 방송용으로 할당된 주파수대역에서 지역적으로 미사용 중인 대역
 국내: 470~698MHz 대역 (CH14~51, 채널당 6MHz 대역폭)이 TVWS 후보군에 해당
 무선마이크와 CATV 등이 공유
- 전파특성 우수한 황금 주파수대역
 적은 망 구축 비용으로 넓은 서비스 커버리지 구현 가능

 

 

 TVWS 무선통신 표준

 

 

 TVWS WPAN 기술 개요
- IEEE802.15.4m 표준
- TV 방송용으로 할당된 주파수대역에서 지역적으로 미사용 중인 대역
- 전파특성 우수한 황금 주파수대역

 

 

 WPAN 기술의 변화
- 개인 중심 중심으로 10m 내외 서비스 반경으로 구성되는 무선 네트워크
 Bluetooth, ZigBee, …
- 저전력으로 1Km 이상의 통신 거리로 구성되는 광역 무선 네트워크로 변화
 SUN, LECIM, TVWS, …

 

 

기타 WPAN 기술

 

 RFID 기술
- 사물에 전자태그를 부착하여 무선 기술을 통해 사물과 주변 상황 정보를 인식하는 기술
- 용도 : 물류, 유통분야 추적 관리, M2M 통신 및 M-Commerce 등
- 주파수대역 : 135kHz, 13.56MHz, 433.92MHz, 908.5~915MHz, 2.45GHz
- 전송속도 : 30Kbps 전송거리 : 2m 이내

 NFC 기술
- 13.56MHz 대의 RFID 기술을 발전시킨 비접촉식 양방향 근접 통신 기술
 읽기와 쓰기 모두 가능하며, 10Cm안의 근거리 통신으로 준비 없이 빠르게 통신함
 2002년 일본 Sony 네덜란드 NXP 반도체가 공동으로 개발
 2004년 NFC forum 이설립된후 기술개발 및 상용화가 본격화됨 (스마트폰에 NFC 탑재 되면서 대중화)